The ruler Shutruk-Nakhkhunte is credited with permanently ending Kassite power. 233-42. They were conquered by Alexander the Great but later regained their independence. A culture that rules babylonia from the 16th and 12th centuries BC. 177-189, Krebernik, M., and Seidl, U. They conquered lands in Mesopotamia and in what is now Turkey. The earliest occurrence of an individual with a Kassite name in Babylonia is from Rm-Sn Is 53rd year (1770 BCE). Not long after the Elamites pillaged Ur and founded an Elamite kingdom inside Shnunna. 3 of the lines in the inscription refer to Canaanite lands/peoples. The Kassites first appear as a political factor in Babylonia in 1742 (or 1741) BCE, when they were opposed by both Samsiluna and Rm-Sn Is (see Stol, 1975, pp. It does not store any personal data. 2014. 15:7). 58, no. There is very little evidence for serious political problems before the thirteenth century BC when Assyria to the north and Elam to the east began to threaten Babylonia, and eventually brought an end to Kassite control. A man named Tobiah the Ammonite is mentioned in Nehemiah 2:19 at the end of the Old Testament period (400s BC). Goblets and wavy sided bowls are commonly found in Kassite pottery deposits. 351-58. Kassites stayed in Babylonia, but their main concentration was the central Zagros northeast of Babylonia, notably in Namri and Bt-Hamban. During and after the Bronze Age Collapse Babylonia was invaded by their neighbors, the Elamites and the Assyrians. Thank you for your help! She was the pharaohs daughter that pulled Moses from the water. Elamites and Assyrians attack Babylonia. Ancient Jerusalem - Interactive Study of Jerusalem with Map. The Kassites entered into Babylon after the Old Babylonian Empire and established their rule around 1531 B.C. Omissions? While it is hard sometimes to match particular events from the Amarna letters to exact biblical events from this time period, it is not hard to see that the land and culture in question is the same. The emergence of the Kassite state took place in the 16th and 15th centuries BCE, which are almost devoid of documentation. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. 1570 or 1560 BCE; see Zadok, 1999-2000, pp. 95102, O. R. Gurney, Texts from Dur-Kurigalzu, Iraq, vol. Some kudurrus are kept in the Louvre in Paris and others in the National Museum of Iraq. The Kassite Dynasty refurbished many of the ancient Babylonian cities and constructed a new city called Dur Kurigalzu (named after one of the Kassite kings) near modern Baghdad. A timeline of ancient Mesopotamian history up to and including the Persians. 1400 BCE, the accession of the Kassite king Kara-inda (comparing El Amarna letter 10). The interest of the boundary stones for modern scholars is not only economic and religious but also artistic. Just exactly who The Kassites were, and anything about their origins and history, is very obscure. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. The Early Kassite Period". These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. XVI, Fasc. Volume 1 Kardunia. "People Praying on Stone: Identity in Kassite Babylonian Seals, ca. In the 12th century Elam struck the final blow at Kassite power in Babylonia, already weakened by local insurrection. [55] Other similar glass dated 1500 BC was found at Tell al-Rimah. Ramose was her father. S. F. C. Richardson, The Collapse of a Complex State: A Reappraisal of the End of the First Dynasty of Babylon, 1683-1597 B.C., Ph.D. Kassite, member of an ancient people known primarily for establishing the second, or middle, Babylonian dynasty; they were believed (perhaps wrongly) to have originated in the Zagros Mountains of Iran. They slowly then began to make their way southward toward Babylon. What Are The Names of the Thieves Crucified With Christ. Kassites after the fall of the Kassite dynasty. J. The sixth letter is the last and most severe letter and the Abdi-zedek begs once again for military help by means of archers from Egypt. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. Is The NIV Purposefully Removing References To Fasting? Marduk was already the patron deity of the Babylonians before the Kassites arrived, but this God was elevated to the position of supreme god once Babylon became a powerful Mesopotamian territory. Press, 1997, Kjaerum, F. SEALS OF DILMUN-TYPE FROM FAILAKA, KUWAIT. Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies, vol. 925, Yaln, Serdar. This is the first entry which will cover the Kassite period (1600-1160 BCE). The name Cushan is considered a translation for Kassite or northwest Mesopotamia. Selves Engraved on Stone: Seals and Identity in the Ancient Near East, ca. Your email address will not be published. The texts from the Kassite Period (1600-1160 BCE) start to overlap with the biblical texts of the Old Testament because at this point most nations already had developed a written language and new technologies allowed for communications to now be written down and passed along to others. How Long Was Joseph In Potiphars House? In the time of Old Babylonia they were hired mercenaries for the state and also formed bands of outlaw rebels against the state. Zeitschrift fr Assyriologie und vorderasiatische Archologie, 105(2), 255-257. 58 f., 65 f.; cf. Puzur-Sin Ashur-dugul Ashur-apla-idi Nasir-Sin Sin-namir Ipqi-Ishtar Adad-salulu Adasi 14151050 BCE. Katiliau of Terqa was probably a contemporary of Abi-euh (1711-1684 BCE; see Podany, 2002, pp. Bill T. Arnold. The origin of the Kassites is uncertain, though a number of theories have been advanced. Brinkman, Provincial Administration in Babylonia under the second Dynasty of Isin, JESHO 6, 1963, pp. The Kassite rulers encouraged the collection, codification, and canonization of Babylonian religious-literary texts. Kassite. As for the meaning of Ahmose, I am no Egyptologist but I am fairly certain that his name means born of Iah (the moond god). E. C. Cancik-Kirschbaum, Die mittelassyrischen Briefe aus Tall amad, Berichte der Ausgrabung Tall amad/Dr-Katlimmu (BATSH) 4, Texte 1, Berlin 1996. ("Year in which Samsu-iluna the king (defeated) the totality of the strength of the army / the troops of the Kassites"). 287-90. They are recorded as weavers and other textile workers, but are underrepresented in most of the other handicrafts (Sassmannshausen, 2001, p. xv). Following Hammurabi, the Kassites took over Elam and reigned till around . MOSAIC GLASS FROM HASANLU, MARLIK, AND TELL AL-RIMAH. Journal of Glass Studies, vol. (a)the invention of monotheism (b)implementing political reforms that harmed the majority of egyptians. 43 f.; cf. World History Encyclopedia. The date and the exact conditions of this seizure of power are unknown to us, the first decades of the Kassite dynasty being unknown to us. The Assyrians were one of the great powers of ancient Mesopotamia, rivals of the Babylonians. The first place to start when trying to locate the Garden of Eden is in the Bible. "Ur in the Kassite Period". 231-246, Brinkman, J. The Kassites followed the Hittites and renamed the city Karanduniash. But, dont take my word for all of that. B. Landsberger, Assyrische Knigsliste und dunkles Zeitalter, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 8, 1954, pp. 11119, Pedersn, Olof. They were used to mark official items and ownership. The specific purpose and intent of this entry is to present research on biblical synchronisms; references to the same or supposedly same historical events from multiple cultures. 17 ff. They even burn their sons and daughters in the fire as sacrifices to their gods. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. One of its many anthropological and theological implications is that Genesis 10 and 11 are historically accurate. What Is The Eye Of The Needle (Matthew 19:23-24 / Mark 10:25)? (Bible Quiz), Journal of Ancient EgyptianInterconnections, Israel Mentioned in Egyptian Inscriptions, 15 Christian Leaders That Make More Money Getting Out Of Bed Than Youll Make All Year, Where Archaeology Meets The Bible: Neo Babylonian Period [626 - 529 BCE] | Dust Off The Bible, Where Archaeology Meets The Bible: Middle Babylonian Period [1000 625 BCE] | Dust Off The Bible. 421-436. Babylonia under the Kassites 2, edited by Alexa Bartelmus and Katja Sternitzke, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2017, pp. "The Kassites of Babylonia: A Re-examination of an Ethnic Identity". Chen, Fei (2020). 20712, Brinkman, J. I; Chronicles conserning early babylonian Studies in Eastern History, II. The attempt of A. Ancillotti (1981) to demonstrate that Kassite is originally an Indo-Aryan language is not convincing. Kassite and Elamite Kings". 5 ff. 27181. The office of the governor was secular, but he could also serve as the high priest of the Enlil temple (Ekur) of Nippur. First mentioned in the Bible is the record of Genesis 10:8-10 which names Nimrod, the grandson of Ham, as the founder of the city in the dim prehistoric past. Idem, Hurrians as Well as Individuals Bearing Hurrian and Strange Names in Sumerian Sources, in A. F. Rainey, A. Kempinski, and M. Sigrist, eds., Kinatttu a drti. (c)linking his wealth to the traditional system (d)damaging the economy beyond repair (e)permanently reforming corrupt temple priest in egypt (a)the invention of monotheism Which of the following is true of the rule of Akhenaten? (Deuteronomy 4:19 NIV), Joshua said to all the people, This is what the LORD, the God of Israel, says: Long ago your ancestors, including Terah the father of Abraham and Nahor, lived beyond the Euphrates River and worshiped other gods. Idem, The Ethno-Linguistic Character of Northwestern Iran and Kurdistan in the Neo-Assyrian Period, Tel Aviv, 2002. 469 f.; Dosch and Deller, 1981), as well as in Middle Assyrian documents (see Brinkman, 1976-80, p. 470; cf. We can learn about the society where the ancient Israelites, and later Jesus and the Apostles, lived through the modern discoveries that provide us clues. Babylonia was recognized as a great power by the other Near Eastern powers, namely, its neighbors and Egypt, according to the Amarna correspondence. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. "2. 3, 1979, pp. Charpin, 1995). Their religion revolved around worship of three major gods, one for . Many of the kings were popular rulers who became allies with other city-states within the region. Isin in the Kassite Period". Your email address will not be published. The Tabernacle of Ancient Israel - Brief Overview of the Tabernacle of Moses in the Wilderness and the Ark of the Covenant. On the other hand, they are not underrepresented in the ration lists, which points to their presence in the lower echelons of the society. 113-118. After the fall of the Akkadian Empire, two new empires rose to power. (Adaside dynasty1700722 BCE)Bel-bani Libaya Sharma-Adad I Iptar-Sin Bazaya Lullaya Shu-Ninua Sharma-Adad II Erishum III Shamshi-Adad II Ishme-Dagan II Shamshi-Adad III Ashur-nirari I Puzur-Ashur III Enlil-nasir I Nur-ili Ashur-shaduni Ashur-rabi I Ashur-nadin-ahhe I Enlil-Nasir II Ashur-nirari II Ashur-bel-nisheshu Ashur-rim-nisheshu Ashur-nadin-ahhe II, Second Intermediate PeriodSixteenthDynasty Thank you! 4, 1965, pp. Babylonia under the Kassites 1, edited by Alexa Bartelmus and Katja Sternitzke, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2017, pp. ; Sassmannshausen, 2000, pp. 55, No. Richardson (2002, p. 347) is of the opinion that the fortresses were forerunners of the later Kassite feudal communities. Moses birth was 80 years before the Exodus in 1392bce or 2528 from Adam. ), whose kings were native Babylonians. Qala'at al-Bahrain/2 The central monumental buildings. Excerpt from the Lexham Bible Dictionary, . 9 f.) thinks that the governor of Nippur was the head of the Babylonian aristocrats, but his suggestion, namely, that in the personality of the governor of Nippur was manifested to a certain degree the personality of a second king, cannot be substantiated. The Assyrians were great warriors. Historical records indicate that the remaining Kassiste people eventually migrated back to their homeland in modern day Iran and were conquered ruled by the Greeks under Alexander the Great. It is thought that the Kassites originated as tribal groups in the Zagros Mountains to the north-east of Babylonia. 2, 2006, pp. When Burnaburia II died, his son Kara-harda succeeded him but was assassinated in a rebellion (1328 BCE). [47] What is known is that their language was not related to either the Indo-European language group, nor to Semitic or other Afro-Asiatic languages, and is most likely to have been a language isolate, although some linguists have proposed a link to the Hurro-Urartian languages of the Armenian highlands and Northern Mesopotamia. "The Bronze Age Shipwreck at Ulu Burun: 1986 Campaign." [3], The origin and classification of the Kassite language, like the Sumerian language and Hurrian language, is uncertain, and, also like the two latter languages, has generated a wide array of speculation over the years, even to the point of linking it to Sanskrit. This should come at no surprise given the nature of god/goddess worship within the land. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Abraham was from the city of Ur according to Genesis 11:31 above. 45-92, Pinches, T. G. The Question of the Kassite Language. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, 1907, pp. The first Jewish king, King Saul, defeated the Ammonites and made them his servants. Foreign Relations of Babylonia from 1600 to 625 B. C.: The Documentary Evidence. American Journal of Archaeology, vol. 1, 1989, pp. 411 f.) is of the opinion that they penetrated from the central Zagros via the lower Diyala region into northern Babylonia, notably the Sippar region during the late Old Babylonian period. Babylonian wealth and influence at this time is reflected in the use of the cuneiform script and the Babylonian language as the main form of diplomatic communication. 11, No. See also IRAN vii. 45363, Koppen, Frans van. The ancient Near East: historical sources in translation. More could be said about archaeology and the conquest of Canaan but for the sake of this post I will not include everything. [56], Seals were used widely across the Near Eastern kingdoms during the Kassite rule. This relief shows 3 different peoples essentially having Egyptian rule placed over them. A. Did Jesus or The New Testament Authors Quote from The Apocryphal Books? Cite This Work World History Encyclopedia. J. Eidem, The Shemshra Tablets 2: The Administrative Texts, the Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters, Historisk-filosofiske Skrifter 15, Copenhagen, 1982. Not only do we pay for our servers, but also for related services such as our content delivery network, Google Workspace, email, and much more. The foreign inhabitants of the fortresses, who were mercenaries (rather than foreign invaders) forming a garrison system, gradually controlled the countryside of northern Babylonia. It is thought that the Kassites originated as tribal groups in the Zagros Mountains to the north-east of Babylonia. Kassite deities were the pantheon of the Kassites ( Akkadian: Ka, from Kassite Galzu [1] ), a group inhabiting parts of modern Iraq (mostly historical Babylonia and the Nuzi area), as well as Iran and Syria, in the second and first millennia BCE. Then all the Midianites and the Amalekites and the children of the east were gathered together, and went over, and pitched in the valley of Jezreel. 240-44. ISBN 0-521-563585. pp. Their main project was the foundation of a new capital, named Dr-Kurigalzu Kurigalzus fortress (this type of place name is common in second- and early first-millennium Babylonia, where the initial component precedes a Kassite anthroponym (e.g., Agum and Burra-sah, Nashef, 1982, pp. Babylonia under the Kassites: Some Aspects for Consideration". Kassite. The commonly held opinion that they originated from the Zagros mountains east of Babylonia (see, e.g., Balkan, 1986, p. 8; Heinz, 1995, p. 167) is based on the assumption that their geographical distribution before they took over the Babylonian alluvium was the same as their distribution after the demise of the Kassite rule in Babylonia. 147, Lambert, W. G. The Warwick Kudurru. Syria, vol. There are numerous accounts in both Akkadian and Canaanite literature that speak of the religious nature of the area, which affirms the biblical accounts. . A. 1-26. Christ was at once a Koresh, a Hebrew, and a Yehudi. To the east of the Hittite Empire, Mesopotamia was not ruled by a single state or empire during most of the Bronze Age. 44 f., 59). 32731, Horowitz, W., Reeves, S., Stillman, L., White, M., & Zilberg, P. (2015). . Agriculture was in the hands of many dutiable landowners and their agricultural workers as well as tenants. Idem, Kassiten, RlA 5, 1976-1980, pp. . Another ancient Middle Eastern people known as the Elam finally defeated the last Kassite ruler in 12 B.C. Ancient Orient Museum, Kudurru mentioning the name of the Kassite king Kurigalzu II, from Nippur, Iraq, Ancient Orient Museum, Babylonian cuneiform tablet with a map from Nippur, Kassite period, 1550-1450 BCE, Winged centaur hunting animals. The Babylonians - Learn about ancient Babylon and the people who lived there. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. However, P. Huber (1999-2000) rejects the astronomical evidence adduced by Gurzadyan (in Gasche et al., 1998, pp. 3000-323 BC., Oxford, 2003. Cuneiform Texts in The Otago Museum: A preliminary report. I cannot say that I am convinced by it but there are some real pieces of evidence to support it. Several individuals with Kassite names are recorded in the prism of Tunip-Teup from Tikunani (ca. Literature that falls in the category of mythical will not be covered even though there is a large amount of biblical and Akkadian literature that refers to the same events, such as creation and flood events. They are well represented among the great landowners. [1] By the time of Babylon's fall, the Kassites had already been part of the region for a century and a half, acting sometimes with the Babylon's interests and sometimes against. (2015). Books Isaac was 100 years later in 2048bce, or 2048 from Adam. Sassmannshausen (2001, p. 137) infers that they were subjected to Kassite inspectors. Volume 2 Kardunia. "Inscription of Kurigalzu I". Volume 1 Kardunia. Yanoam, is not known (maybe Yaknoam). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [5] The chief gods, titular gods of the kings, were Shuqamuna and Shumaliya. Why are Genesis 10 and 11 "significant" chapters? The temple gave people loans, possibly in return for labor, which may have led to a situation of indebtedness. Idem, Sex, Age and Physical Condition Designations for Servile Laborers in the Middle Babylonian Period, in G. van Driel, T. J. H. Krispijn, M. Stol, and K. R. Veenhof, eds., Zikir umim: Assyriological Studies Presented to F.R. [35][36], The Elamites of the Shutrukid dynasty conquered Babylonia, carrying away the Statue of Marduk, in the 12th century BC, thus ending the Kassite state. Administration and Society in Kassite Babylonia. Journal of the American Oriental Society, vol. The landed property was only partially in the hands of Kassites. By the 14th century BCE, the Kassites controlled the whole of Babylonia, including the Diyala region. All the mayors have Babylonian names. atttacks Babylonia and takes the throne in 1224. The longest lasting of several Babylonian dynasties, the Kassites held the region between the Tigris and Euphrates in what is now Iraq for over 400 years. Charpin, 1995). 354 f.). How did the American colonies actually win the war and gain their Independence from Britain? For only $5 per month you can become a member and support our mission to engage people with cultural heritage and to improve history education worldwide. (10)" . Learn facts that you cant learn just from reading the Bible "Now a river flowed out of Eden to water the garden; and from there it divided and became four rivers. 437-478, Malko, Helen. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Picture Study Bible - StudyBible with Pictures and Maps. The Kassites: The History and Legacy of the Ancient Civilization that Hittites, Kassites and Mitanni Children's Middle Eastern History Books, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. Balkan (1968, p. 7) is of the opinion that between the king and the people there was a stratum of nobles, who mostly belonged to the royal family or the palace. 23. 3, 1972, pp. Astour, Michael C. The Name of the Ninth Kassite Ruler. Journal of the American Oriental Society, vol. The Kassite (or presumably such) clans are Bimat (including the houses [h] of Nanakt) and possibly the Samhar (De Graef, 1998, pp. The fall of Babylon is reported by a number of ancient sources, including the Cyrus Cylinder, the Greek historian Herodotus, as well as a number of books in the Old Testament. 417 f.). "Kassitisch und Hurro-Urartisch. What does a 3 digit interstate numbers mean? The problem is that there are several places called Ur. It is important to know that many of the cities of Canaan that were mentioned in the Bible have now undergone excavations. It is likely that the already troublesome environment of the land assisted the Israelites in their task of taking over the land. From the letters of Adbi-Heba it is clearly seen that he is having severe trouble with the Apiru. A. Armstrong, S. W. Cole, and V. G. Gurzadyan, Dating the Fall of Babylon: A Reappraisal of Second-Millennium Chronology (a Joint Ghent-Chicago-Harvard Project), Mesopotamian History and Environment 2: Memoirs 4. Following this event, his grandfather Aur-uballi invaded Babylonia to place Kurigalzu II (1327-03 BCE) on the throne. 1-14. Top level: Mesopotamian Gods in symbolic form, second level: animals and deities playing musical instruments (detail), "Unfinished" Kudurru, Kassite period, attributed to the reign of Melishipak, 1186-1172 B.C.E., found in Susa, where it had been taken as war booty in the 12th century B.C.E. Kar-Duniash was the name given to ancient Babylon during the reign of the Kassite kings. For a time in the early reign of Tukulti-Ninurta I Assyria gained ascendancy, until the Elamites under Kidin-Hutran III intervened. and accepts with reservations V. G. Gurzadyans eclipse identifications (1458 and 1451 BCE). Christians have historically spoken of the Bible as being divided into the "Old" and the "New" testaments. This form resembles the much later Greek name Kossaioii, Lat. Archaeologists divide it into three periods, Early Kassite (pre c. 1415 BC), Middle Kassite (c 1415 BC - 1225 BC), and Late Kassite (c. 1225 BC - 1155 BC). 210 f.). Idem, Beitrge zur Verwaltung und Gesellschaft Babyloniens in der Kassitenzeit, Baghdader Forschungen 21, Mainz, 2001. Volume 1 Kardunia. Tukulti-Ninurta of Assyria conquered Babylon in 1225 B.C., but the Kassites survived Assyrian pressure until twelfth-century wars with Elam finally resulted in the end of their suzerainty. This negative find, compared with the hypothetical appearance of Kassite names in the documents from Old Babylonian Susa, may strengthen the case for an eastern origin of the Kassites. The Hittites had carried off the idol of the god Marduk, but the Kassite rulers regained possession, returned Marduk to Babylon, and made him the equal of the Kassite Shuqamuna. 1-44, van Koppen, Frans. [15][16] Kudurrus, stone stele used to record land grants and related documents provide another source for Kassite history. The panes of glass used to create these images were very brightly colored, and closer analysis has revealed that they were bright green, blue, white, and red-orange. In the period . The anonymity of most of the Kassites in late Old Babylonian sources is not greatly remedied by the new occurrences from the unpublished texts evaluated by Richardson (2002, pp. The Kassites seem to be relatively new to the region, in view of the fact that they do not appear among the peoples who inhabited the central and southern Zagros according to Sargonic and Ur III sources.