[43] L240 was identified in 2009. The genetic heritage of the earliest settlers persists both in Indian tribal and caste populations. G-PF3147 (previously G-L223 and G-PF3146) is characterized by having the L223 mutation. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Haplogroup K2e (K-M147) was previously known as "Haplogroup X" and "K2a" (but is a sibling subclade of the present K2a). Men who belong to this group but are negative for all its subclades represent a small number today. Int J Legal Med 1997; 110: 134149. (This followed the publication of: Haplogroup K2b (M1221/P331/PF5911) is also known as Haplogroup MPS. Haplogroup G ( M201) is a human Y-chromosome haplogroup. Specifically, we intersected these criteria by applying the following filters. The haplogroups contain many branches called subhaplogroups or subclades. The suggested relevant pre-historical climatic and archeological periods specified in conjunction with lineage-specific estimated expansion times are specified in the summary portion of Supplementary Table S4. This group was created for the folks who's paternal Y-DNA reflects they belong to haplogroup G2a (G-P15). Farther north, 8% of ethnic Hungarian males and 5.1% of ethnic Bohemian (Czech) males have been found to belong to Haplogroup G. In South Asia, some ethnic minorities possess haplogroup G at concentrations of approximately 18%[21] to 20%[22] of Kalash, approximately 16% of Brahui,[22] and approximately 11.5% of sampled Pashtun,[21] but in only about 3% of the general Pakistani population. Mol Biol Evol 2011; 28: 29052920. It is notable that tzi the 5300-year-old Alpine mummy was derived for the L91 SNP and his autosomal affinity was nearest to modern Sardinians.28, The G2a2-M286 lineage is very rare, so far detected only in some individuals in Anatolia and the South Caucasus. [26][27] Among the Druze mostly residents of Israel 10% were found to be haplogroup G.[28], Around 10% of Jewish males are Haplogroup G.[citation needed], In Africa, haplogroup G is rarely found in sub-Saharan Africa or south of the horn of Africa among native populations. All G-M377 men tested so far also have a rare null value for the DYS425 marker, (a missing "T" allele of the DYS371 palindromic STR), the result of a RecLOH event, a finding not yet seen among most other G haplotypes. Parent Branch: G-FGC5081 Descendant branch(s): G-Z17084 G-Z45043 FTDNA Tree Link: Link YFull Info. Haplogroup G is observed in this survey as G1-M285 and G2a-P15. Although no basal G-M201* chromosomes were detected in our data set, the homeland of this haplogroup has been estimated to be somewhere nearby eastern Anatolia, Armenia or western Iran, the only areas characterized by the co-presence of deep basal branches as well as the occurrence of high sub-haplogroup diversity. This is not surprising, as clines are not expected in cases of sharp changes in haplogroup frequency over a relatively small distance such as those observed for hg G, for instance between the Caucasus and Eastern Europe. The most probably region of the initial phase of G-M201 is estimated to be in Anatolia, Armenia or western Iran. Principal component analysis based on G sub-haplogroup frequencies was performed using the freeware POPSTR program (http://harpending.humanevo.utah.edu/popstr/). Hg G is very frequent in NW Caucasus and South Caucasus, covering about 45% of the paternal lineages in both regions2 in this study. The general frequency pattern of hg G overall (Figure 2a) shows that the spread of hg G extends over an area from southern Europe to the Near/Middle East and the Caucasus, but then decreases rapidly toward southern and Central Asia. The coalescence age estimate of 9400 years for P16 coincides with the early Holocene (Supplementary Table S4). Cavalli-Sforza L, Menozzi P, Piazza A : The History and Geography of Human Genes. Evaluation of Y-chromosomal STRs: a multicenter study. In Europeexcept in Italy G2a2b1 constitutes less than 20% of G samples. Looking still more closely at the distribution of P303 sub-clades, some distinct patterns emerge in the network (Figure 4). The G-L13 subclade is most common in north central Europe, and G-Z1266 is most common in the western Caucasus Mountains. G-L91 would seem to encompass a significant proportion of men belonging to G. L91 is found so far in scattered parts of Europe and North Africa and in Armenia. The emergence of Y-chromosome haplogroup J1e among Arabic-speaking populations. Y-chromosomal diversity in Europe is clinal and influenced primarily by geography, rather than by language. We attempted to localize the potential geographic origin of haplogroup G-M201 by considering those locations containing both G1-M285- and G2-P287-related lineages as well as the co-occurrence of high sub-haplogroup diversity. Y chromosome genetic variation in the Italian peninsula is clinal and supports an admixture model for the Mesolithic-Neolithic encounter. They arewith accompanying Y-chromosome locationsU5 (rs2178500), L149 (8486380) and L31 (also called S149) (rs35617575..12538148). Am J Hum Genet 2004; 74: 5061. P257 was first reported in 2008. The hg G individuals in Supplementary Table S1 were either first genotyped for this study or updated to present phylogenetic resolution from earlier studies.2, 4, 10, 11, 13, 16, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27 All hg G (M201-derived) samples were genotyped in a hierarchical manner for the following binary markers: M285, P20, P287, P15, L91 P16, M286, P303, U1, L497, M406, Page19, M287 and M377. EKK thanks the Russian Academy of Sciences Program for Fundamental Research Biodiversity and dynamics of gene pools, the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation for state contracts P-325 and 02.740.11.07.01, and the Russian Foundation for Basic Research for grants 04-04-48678- and 07-04-01016-. We emphasize that our assessments are based solely on contemporary DNA distributions rather than actual prehistoric patterns. Beginning in 2008, additional G SNPs were identified at Family Tree DNA (L designations) and Ethnoancestry (S designations). Geographic spread patterns of the P303-derived groups defined by L497, U1 and P15(xP303)-derived P16 and M406 lineages, all of which achieve a peak frequency of at least 10%, are presented in Figures 2bf, respectively. Mol Biol Evol 2006; 23: 22682270. A plot of the sub-clades included in the principal component analysis (Figure 3b) indicates that the clustering of the populations from NW Caucasus is due to their U1* frequency, whereas L497 lineages account for the separation of central Europeans. In the case of the general frequency pattern of hg G, panel (a) was obtained by applying the frequencies from Supplementary Table S1 together with data taken from the literature, concerning 569 individuals representing 7 populations comprising Algerians,47 Oromo and Amhara Ethiopians,48 and Berbers, Arabs and Saharawis from Morocco.49 Dots on the map (a) indicate the approximate locations of the sampled populations. An assessment of the Y-chromosome phylogeography-based proposal that the spread of G2a-L497 chromosomes originated from Central Europe could be achieved by typing this SNP in the Holocene period human remains from Germany31 as well as those from France and Spain.45, 46 Certainly, Y chromosome represents only a small part of human genome and any population-level interpretation of gene flow in this region would have to be supported by genome-wide evidence. Conversely, hg G is present in Northeast Caucasus only at an average frequency of 5% (range 019%). Haplogroup G-M201 | Familypedia | Fandom Lacan M, Keyser C, Ricaut FX et al. In the Americas, the percentage of haplogroup G corresponds to the numbers of persons from Old World countries who emigrated. Parallel evolution of genes and languages in the Caucasus region. In contrast, the only U1 representative in Europe is the G-M527 lineage whose distribution pattern is consistent with regions of Greek colonization. The final major subclade is characterized by presence of the SNP Z1903 and by a value of 9 at marker DYS568. Hum Hered 2006; 61: 132143. But a high percentage of U1 men belong to its two subclades, G-L13/S13 and Z1266 (G2a3b1a1b). Haplogroup - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics Ancient DNA suggests the leading role played by men in the Neolithic dissemination. [24] Haplogroup G-M201 is believed to have been relatively absent during Neolithic India; the frequencies of the G2a-P15 subclade for example was negligible in indigenous Indian populations. The highest percentage of G-P303 persons in a discrete population so far described is on the island of Ibiza off the eastern Spanish coast. In descending order, G-P303 is additionally a branch of G2 (P287), G2a (P15), G2a2, G2a2b, G2a2b2, and finally G2a2b2a. Zhivotovsky LA, Underhill PA, Feldman MW : Difference between evolutionarily effective and germ line mutation rate due to stochastically varying haplogroup size. Drawing the history of the Hutterite population on a genetic landscape: inference from Y-chromosome and mtDNA genotypes. Y-chromosomal evidence of the cultural diffusion of agriculture in Southeast Europe. Although the low frequency of hg G1-M285 makes it impractical to justify displaying a spatial frequency map, it is found (Supplementary Table S1) in the Near/Middle East including Anatolia, the Arabian Peninsula and Persian Gulf region, as well as Iran and the South Caucasus (mostly Armenians). The mutations involved may be complicated and difficult to interpret. Haplogroup G, together with J2 clades, has been associated with the spread of agriculture, especially in the European context. Unresolved G2a-P15* lineages occur across a wide area extending from the Near/Middle East to the Balkans and Western Europe in the west, the Caucasus (especially the South Caucasus) in the north and Pakistan in the east. The most detailed SNP mutation identified was S126 (L30), which defines G2a3.[11]. [10], A skeleton found at the Neolithic cemetery known as Derenburg Meerenstieg II, in Saxony-Anhalt Germany, apparently belonged to G2a3 (G-S126) or a subclade. King RJ, Ozcan SS, Carter T et al. In Russia, Ukraine and Central Asia, members of various ethnic minorities and/or residents in particular localities possess G-M201 at its highest levels in the world even though the average rate at the national level is about 1% or less. Haplogroup H Ancient DNA reveals male diffusion through the Neolithic Mediterranean route. The Levant versus the Horn of Africa: evidence for bidirectional corridors of human migrations. G2a2b2a is also found in India. Am J Hum Genet 2000; 67: 15261543. Distinguishing the co-ancestries of haplogroup G Y-chromosomes in the (Behar et al., 2012b) Origin Most researchers consider the birthplace of G to have been born in East Asia. Encyclopedia of mtDNA Origins - Discover your maternal lineage. Specifications for most markers have been previously reported,1, 17, 28 ISOGG 2011 (http://www.isogg.org/tree/). Until 2008, new G SNPs were reported from labs at the University of Arizona (P designations), Stanford University (M designations) or the University of Central Florida (U designations). The frequency data were converted into isofrequency maps using the Surfer software (version 8, Golden Software, Inc., Golden, CO, USA), following the kriging algorithm using advanced options to use bodies of waters as breaklines. Haplogroup G, together with J2 clades, has been associated with the spread of agriculture, especially in the European context. Luis JR, Rowold DJ, Regueiro M et al. Origin, Diffusion, and Differentiation of Y-Chromosome Haplogroups E Haplogroup K2b1 (P397/P399) is also known as Haplogroup MS, but has a broader and more complex internal structure. (2000) suggested 17,000 years ago. Categories have alternating letters and numbers. So far the men positive for this have had Irish, English, Dutch, Lebanese and/or Turkish (Armenian surname) ancestry. The South Ossetians and Svans generally south of North Ossetia have significant number of G2a1 persons, but population percentages have not yet been provided. Phylogenetic relationships of studied binary markers within haplogroup G in wider context of M89-defined clade. The new phylogenetic and phylogeographic information provides additional insights into the demographic history and migratory events in Eurasia involving hg G. The present study comprises data from 98 populations totaling 17577 individuals, of which 1472 were members of hg G. The haplogroup frequency data are presented in Supplementary Table S1. The next largest subclade of G-P303 is characterized by the presence of the U1 mutation. Origins and history of European Y-DNA and mtDNA haplogroups For the human mtDNA haplogroup, see. Eur J Hum Genet 2003; 11: 535542.
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